کتاب آقای دکتر کوکبی، جلد اول (فرآیندها)، صفحه ۱۲۱:
… اما برای نفوذ بیش تر گاهی از جریان یکنواخت الکترود منفی (DCEN) نیز استفاده می شود.
کتاب لینرت، صفحه ۵۰۶:
Current for SAW can be either dc or ac. Direct current generally is operated on DCEP to secure deeper joint penetration. With DCEN, the melting rate of the electrode will be ncreased, but penetration will be decreased
پی دی اف این سایت که در مورد الکترود دستی است:
http://www.g-w.com/pdf/sampchap/9781605252568_ch05.pdf
The circuit polarity affects the selection of the covered electrode and how the covered electrode will perform. Direct current electrode positive (DCEP) used with the proper electrode produces deeper penetration than direct current electrode negative (DCEN). Most electrodes use DCEP
در این لینک که البته تحلیل آن کمی بد بیان شده است:
the type of welding polarity used affects penetration level. With most arc welding processes, DC+ (direct current electrode positive) polarity produces more weld penetration, because more arc energy is focused into the base plate. Conversely, DC- (direct current electrode negative) polarity produces less weld penetration, because more arc energy is focused into the electrode and not into the base plate. This is the case with the Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) and SAW processes (see figure 3). The exception is the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process, in which the effect of polarity on penetration is opposite. With GTAW, DC- polarity results in more weld penetration and with DC+ polarity generally not used